Western Himalayas

Nanga Parbat in Gilgit-Baltistan is the ninth-highest mountain on Earth. In the traditional definition of the Himalayas to be lying between the Indus and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra rivers, it is the western anchor of the entire range, around which the Indus River skirts.

The Western Himalayas are the western half of the Himalayas, in northwestern India and northern Pakistan. Four of the five tributaries of the Indus River in Punjab (Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, and Ravi) rise in the Western Himalayas; while the fifth, the Sutlej cuts through the range after rising in Tibet.

Included within the Western Himalayas are the Zanskar Range, the Pir Panjal Range, and the Dhauladhar Range, and western parts of the Sivalik Range and the Great Himalayas. The highest point is Nanga Parbat (26,660 feet or 8,126 metres), at the northwestern end of the region.

Rivers

The Baspa River, a major glacier-fed Himalayan tributary of the Sutlej, flowing through Kinnaur.

The Jhelum River rises in the Pir Panjal Range in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, and flows northwestward through the Vale of Kashmir before entering Pakistani-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir and eventually entering the plains near Mirpur. The Chenab River originates in Himachal Pradesh near Chandra Taal and forms the Lahaul Valley in the state and the Chenab Valley in neighbouring Jammu before entering the plains near Akhnoor. The Ravi River which flows through the Chamba Valley and the Beas River which flows through the Kullu and the Kangra valleys both originate in Himachal Pradesh state as well. The Sutlej River rises in Tibet, enters Himachal Pradesh near Shipki La pass, flows through Kinnaur where it is joined by its tributaries Spiti and Baspa, before entering the plains near Ropar in Punjab.

Ecology

Flora

• Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
• Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
• Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
• Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

Economic activities

An Apple orchard near Manali, Himachal Pradesh.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the area. The main crops grown in this region are paddy and wheat. The region is a major hub of horticulture in the Indian subcontinent. Apples are grown in Kashmir, Kinnaur, Kishtwar, and Kullu valleys, as well as the Hills of Shimla. These regions, particularly Kashmir and the Shimla Hills produce almost all the apples grown in India and South Asia. Saffron is also grown in Kashmir and Kishtwar, while dry fruits are grown in several areas of the western Himalayan region. Tea is grown in the Kangra valley. A large number of people from nomadic pastoral communities such as Gurjars, Bakarwals and Gaddis living in the alpine and subalpine areas of these mountains engage in cattle rearing.

Tourism is another major industry. The city of Srinagar in the Kashmir Valley is famous for its houseboats and shikaras on the Dal and Nigeen lakes. Shogran, Murree, Pahalgam, Sonmarg, Gulmarg, Dalhousie, Mcleodganj, Dharamshala, Manali and Shimla are famous hill stations.

Amarnath and Vaishno Devi are important pilgrimage centres attracting several hundred thousands of pilgrims each year. Gulmarg and Manali are popular winter-sports destinations where activities such as skiing, snowboarding, sledding etc. are done, while adventure sports like paragliding are done at Bir and Billing.

Several perennial rivers flow through these mountains which makes them ideal for hydroelectricity generation, and thus several hydroelectric projects are complete or underway in Pakistan and India.

Cultural significance

Many sites revered by people belonging to various faiths and religions.

Pilgrimage sites

• Amarnath Cave Temple
• Jwala Ji
• Vaishno Devi, Katra
• Darbar Sharif
• Jamia Masjid

See also

• Eastern Himalayas
• Himalayas
• Kashmir
• Northwestern South Asia
• Punjab